干制羊肉基因组DNA不同提取方法的比较

为了研究干制加工羊肉基因组DNA的最佳提取方法,本试验采用传统酚-氯仿法、磁珠法、改良CTAB法、离心柱法分别提取干制处理后的羊肉基因组DNA,并对4种方法提取的羊肉基因组DNA浓度、纯度、完整性以及提取所需时间、PCR扩增效果等进行比较。结果表明,采用磁珠法提取DNA的效果更好,DNA浓度为118.87 ng·μL^-1,A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀值为1.89,而且此方法具有提取时间短、效率高、污染小等特点。本研究结果为干制加工羊肉基因组DNA的大批量提取和检测提供了参考依据。     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

不同温度下TMV侵染枯斑三生烟的LncRNA差异表达

【目的】 筛选不同温度下烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV）侵染后枯斑三生烟（Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsun NN）差异表达的长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）,研究lncRNA在枯斑三生烟抗性反应中的作用。【方法】 N基因的温度敏感性使枯斑三生烟在25℃时具备对TMV的抗性、在31℃抗性丧失,在这两个温度条件下对枯斑三生烟接种TMV和磷酸盐缓冲盐水（phosphate buffered saline,PBS）,48 h后提取系统叶总RNA,构建链特异性文库后进行深度测序。对测序结果进行过滤后利用HTSeq将有效数据与近缘品种TN90（N. tabacum var. TN90）基因组比对,筛选得到lncRNA后利用FPKM法估计lncRNA的表达水平。通过edgeR筛选差异表达lncRNA（differentially expressed lncRNA,DElncRNA）,并利用qRT-PCR技术对这一结果进行验证。通过共定位及共表达分析预测DElncRNA的靶基因,通过参考基因组注释、GO和KEGG富集分析研究靶基因的功能。【结果】 4个处理共12个样本经lncRNA-seq各测得约8 000万条clean reads,共获得4 737条已知lncRNA、40 169条新lncRNA。其中64个lncRNA在不同温度条件下TMV侵染后存在差异表达,qRT-PCR测定结果显示这些lncRNA的测序正确率在80%左右,表明本研究所得测序数据具备较高的可信度。对DElncRNA进行靶基因预测,发现一些基因同时被25℃下调和31℃上调的DElncRNA靶向。靶基因注释功能丰富,主要参与植物抗病、激素和代谢等生理过程。部分可能与激素通路相关的lncRNA,在25℃下TMV侵染时呈现下调趋势,而在31℃下TMV侵染则呈现上调趋势。GO富集分析显示靶基因主要参与构成膜、囊泡等组分,具备钙、钾离子通道抑制剂活性等分子功能,使相应离子得以转运引发随后的反应,同时也参与发病、抗原加工和呈现、细胞分裂素代谢等生理过程。KEGG分析发现靶基因显著富集在植物激素信号转导通路,25℃下调和31℃上调的DElncRNA靶基因同时富集在激素信号传导、ABC运输蛋白、苯丙烷类生物合成等通路。【结论】 不同温度（25℃和31℃）条件下TMV侵染枯斑三生烟后,长链非编码RNA差异表达,DElncRNA通过作用于激素信号传导、物质转运等过程参与寄主系统获得性抗性反应。研究结果可为揭示植物系统获得性抗性中lncRNA的调控功能以及新型抗病毒技术开发提供依据。     

杀青方式对机采绿茶理化品质的影响

为了提高茶树机采绿茶杀青品质,以机采鲜叶为原料,比较微波、汽热、电热滚筒和电磁滚筒耦合热风4种杀青方式所制机采绿茶的感官品质、茶叶内含成分、色泽和香气。结果显示：电磁滚筒耦合热风杀青所制绿茶的感官得分（89分）最高,所制干茶的色相值（a/b）相对更绿（p<0.01）,酚氨比较低（p<0.05）,非酯型儿茶素、酯型儿茶素和儿茶素总量也相对较低（p<0.01）;电磁滚筒杀青所制绿茶的栗香型成分含量较高,如藏红花醛、癸醛、β-环柠檬醛、庚醛和3,7-二甲基-2,6-二辛烯醛等高级醛类,香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮和1-戊烯-3-酮,反式-2-辛烯醇、芳樟醇、反式-橙花叔醇等,以及二甲硫、2-甲基呋喃和1-乙基吡咯等杂环化合物,说明电磁滚筒耦合热风杀青集成了不同工艺特点,所制机采绿茶滋味鲜爽,栗香明显,该工艺有利于提高机采绿茶品质,对实际生产具有指导作用。     

隔板长度对紧凑型高速磁力泵水力特性及叶轮径向力的影响

为探究蜗壳内隔板长度对紧凑型高速磁力泵外特性与叶轮径向力的影响,根据蜗壳型式及隔板长度的不同提出6种蜗壳方案.设单蜗壳为方案一,其余双蜗壳方案根据隔板长度从小到大依次设为方案二至方案六.采用ANSYS-CFX软件对不同工况下(0.8Q_d,1.0Q_d,1.2Q_d)各蜗壳方案泵内流场进行数值模拟,得到不同蜗壳方案的泵中心面静压分布云图,并进行径向力分析.采用方案四蜗壳作为泵实型样机进行试验,将试验值与计算结果进行对比.研究结果表明:相较于无隔板的单蜗壳泵,采用有隔板的双蜗壳泵有利于平衡叶轮径向力,在额定流量下单蜗壳在x,y方向的径向力最大分量分别为151.2,149.7 N,是双蜗壳方案四的1.5倍;随着隔板长度的增大,泵的扬程与效率均逐渐提高,叶轮径向力不断减小,3种工况下扬程的模拟值与试验值偏差均小于3.0%;试验表明数值计算结果具有可信性,研究结果可为紧凑型高速磁力泵在提高水力性能以及平衡叶轮径向力方面提供一定参考.     

Heat,wheat and CO2: The relevance of timing and the mode of temperature stress on biomass and yield

Atmospheric CO₂ enrichment affects C3 crops both directly via increased carbon gain and improved water use efficiency and indirectly via higher temperatures and more frequent climatic extremes. Here we investigated the response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) to CO₂ enrichment (550 vs. 380 µmol/mol) and heat, applied as a constant +4°C increase or a typical heat wave either before or after anthesis, or as two typical heat waves before and after anthesis. We applied a climate chamber approach closely mimicking ambient conditions. CO₂ enrichment increased above‐ground biomass and yield by c. 7 and 10%, but was not able to compensate for adverse heat stress effects, neither before nor after anthesis, with few exceptions only. Yield depression due to heat stress was most severe when two heat waves were applied (?19%). This adverse effect was, however, compensated by CO₂ enrichment. Applying heat stress before or after anthesis did not exert different effects on yield for both +4°C warming and heat wave application. However, +4°C depressed yield more than a heat wave at ambient CO₂, but not so at elevated CO₂. Thus, the interactive effects were complex and prediction of future wheat yield under CO₂ enrichment and climate extremes deserves more attention.     

Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress

This study evaluated the ability of orange peel fragment (OPF) to act as a functional feedstuff, influencing growth, haematological profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nile tilapia subjected heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress (HDOIS). A group of 440 male Nile tilapia (31.7 g ± 0.34) was randomly distributed in 40 250‐L aquaria (11 fish/tank) and fed five practical diets with graded levels of OPF at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for 70 days. The diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 18 MJ/kg crude energy. After the feeding period, growth performance was evaluated and six fish per treatment were sampled for haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after HDOIS. Then, fish were subjected to HDOIS (32°C/2.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for three days and the same haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. There was no effect of OPF on the haematological profile, either before or after HDOIS. The polynomial regression model was used to express the relationship between antioxidant enzymes activity and OPF supplementation level. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was reached at 0.66%, 0.63%, and 0.68% of OPF respectively. Results of the present study suggest that a dietary supplementation level of 0.63%–0.68% of orange peel fragment was appropriate to maintain Nile tilapia haematological profile and improve its antioxidant capacity under HDOIS.     

二氧化碳浓度升高对茶树生理代谢的影响及应对技术

大气中的二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高是工业革命以来全球范围内最重要的生态变化之一,将直接影响植物的生长发育和代谢过程。尽管CO2浓度升高对粮食作物的影响已经得到了广泛的研究,但其对茶树等重要经济作物的影响却很少受到关注。本文回顾和总结了CO2浓度升高对茶树的初级代谢(包括光合作用、呼吸作用和碳氮代谢)和次级代谢的影响,并探讨了CO2浓度升高环境下茶叶生产过程中的应对技术,旨在为CO2浓度升高背景下茶树优质高产栽培提供一定的理论基础和科学依据。     

养殖环境对小龙虾体内的重金属水平及其分布的影响研究

本实验研究小龙虾各部位重金属的分布规律以及环境对小龙虾影响,并探索小龙虾在富集和去除重金属方面的潜在价值。选择泰州与连云港的小龙虾及养殖底泥和水体进行取样,利用AAS和ICP-AES检测了样品中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cd的浓度。实验表明：小龙虾肉可以放心食用,但虾头(含虾黄)与虾壳中重金属均严重超标；龙虾按不同周期检测出来的重金属数据相差不大,按雄雌来分也无明显变化规律。Pearson 相关性分析表明小龙虾体内重金属与底泥高度相关(r>0.8)。人工饲养小龙虾实验结果显示小龙虾体内重金属和水体内的浓度总体上具一定的相关性。     

Screening oat germplasm for better adaptation to cold stress in the Southern Great Plains of the United States

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. However, it is more sensitive to cold stress than other small grains. In this study, diverse oat germplasm was evaluated for winter survival across multiple years and locations in the region. Field screening started with an observation trial of 1,861 diverse genotypes in the 2012–2013 season and was followed by four seasons of replicated trials from 2013 to 2017. Selection of good winter survivors was started in 2014–2015 season. All trials were laid out in randomized complete blocks with replications of two in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, four in 2015–2016, and three in 2016–2017. Winter survival was scored in a 1‐to‐9 scale. Data were analysed for each year and location separately. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis were carried out on combined data of 35 genotypes that were commonly grown in each year and location. Highly significant (p < 0.001) variations were observed among genotypes, environments and genotype‐by‐environment interaction (GEI). The first three interaction principal components (IPCs) were highly significant (p < 0.001), explaining 96% of GEI. Broad sense heritability ranged from 46% to 93%, while heritability for all environments combined was relatively low (24.6%). At the end of the two cycles (2014/2015‐to‐2016/2017) of selection, mean winter survival was improved by more than 38% per cycle compared with the base population mean. Genotypes CIav 4390, CIav 6909 and CIav 7618 showed significantly higher winter survival than the standard checks Okay and Dallas. Genotypes CIav 4390 showed 20% and 35% improvement over the standard checks Okay and Dallas, respectively. Winter survival improvement in oat will remain a difficult task because of high GEI and low heritability. The identified superior genotypes will be used as crossing parents to transfer cold tolerance genes to other elite lines.